H

• Hemangioma: Benign vascular tumor, commonly appearing as a red birthmark.

• Hemophilia A & B: X-linked bleeding disorders caused by deficiency of clotting factor VIII (A) or IX (B).

• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Destruction of fetal red blood cells due to maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility.

• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): Acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia, often post-diarrheal infection.

• Hepatitis B/C: Viral infections affecting the liver, potentially chronic.

• Hip Dysplasia: Abnormal formation of the hip joint, leading to dislocation risk.

• Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the brain ventricles causing head enlargement.

• Hyperbilirubinemia: Excess bilirubin in the blood, leading to neonatal jaundice.

• Hypercalcemia: Elevated blood calcium levels, potentially causing cardiac and neurologic symptoms.

• Hyperthyroidism: Excess thyroid hormone production causing tachycardia, weight loss, and hyperactivity.

• Hypocalcemia: Low blood calcium levels, which can cause tetany or seizures in neonates.

• Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar levels, causing irritability, lethargy, or seizures.

• Hypotonia: Reduced muscle tone, often seen in neurological or genetic disorders.

• Hypospadias: Congenital abnormality where the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis.

• Hypovolemia: Decreased blood volume, often causing shock.

I

• Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): Autoimmune destruction of platelets causing bruising and bleeding.

• Imperforate Anus: Congenital absence of a normal anal opening.

• Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM): Genetic disorders affecting metabolic pathways, such as phenylketonuria (PKU).

• Infectious Mononucleosis: Viral infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus, presenting with fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy.

• Infantile Spasms (West Syndrome): Seizure disorder in infants, often associated with developmental delay.

• Interstitial Lung Disease: Group of lung disorders causing inflammation and fibrosis.

• Intussusception: Telescoping of one part of the intestine into another, causing obstruction.

• Iron Deficiency Anemia: Reduced hemoglobin levels due to inadequate iron intake or absorption.

• Isovaleric Acidemia: Rare metabolic disorder affecting leucine metabolism.

J

• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin.

• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): Chronic arthritis affecting children under 16 years.

• Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Inflammatory muscle disease in children causing muscle weakness and skin rash.

• Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome: Genetic disorder causing congenital long QT syndrome and deafness.

K

• Kawasaki Disease: Vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, presenting with fever, rash, and mucocutaneous changes.

• Klinefelter Syndrome: Genetic disorder in males with an extra X chromosome, leading to hypogonadism and learning difficulties.

• Krabbe Disease: Lysosomal storage disorder causing progressive neurological deterioration.

• Kyphosis: Excessive outward curvature of the spine.

• Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea.

L

• Laryngomalacia: Floppiness of the laryngeal tissue causing stridor in infants.

• Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head causing hip pain and limping.

• Leukemia: Malignancy of white blood cells affecting bone marrow and peripheral blood.

• Lichen Planus: Inflammatory skin disorder causing purplish, itchy lesions.

• Lipoma: Benign fatty tumor.

• Lissencephaly: Rare brain malformation with smooth cerebral cortex causing severe developmental delay.

• Long QT Syndrome: Cardiac ion channel disorder causing prolonged repolarization and risk of sudden death.

• Lupus Nephritis: Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.

M

• Measles (Rubeola): Highly contagious viral infection causing fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and rash.

• Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Respiratory distress in neonates due to inhalation of meconium-stained fluid.

• Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, often bacterial or viral.

• Metabolic Acidosis: Excess acid in the body due to metabolic disorders.

• Microcephaly: Small head circumference due to abnormal brain development.

• Minimal Change Disease: Common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

• Mononucleosis: Viral infection causing fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy.

• Mucopolysaccharidoses: Group of lysosomal storage disorders affecting connective tissues.

• Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney: Congenital malformation of the kidney with cyst formation.

• Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder causing muscle weakness.

N

• Neonatal Sepsis: Systemic infection in newborns, potentially life-threatening.

• Nephrotic Syndrome: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema in children.

• Nephritic Syndrome: Hematuria, hypertension, and mild proteinuria due to glomerular inflammation.

• Neuroblastoma: Malignant tumor arising from neural crest cells.

• Neutropenia: Low neutrophil count increasing infection risk.

• Niemann-Pick Disease: Lysosomal storage disorder causing hepatosplenomegaly and neurodegeneration.

• Noonan Syndrome: Genetic disorder causing short stature, congenital heart defects, and dysmorphic features.

• Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): Intestinal tissue death in preterm infants.