Common Cold
Lesson Objectives
By the end of this lesson, learners should be able to:
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Define the common cold and describe its underlying causes.
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Recognize the typical clinical features and course of illness.
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Differentiate the common cold from other upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
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Outline appropriate supportive and pharmacological management.
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Emphasize rational drug use, including avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics.
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Identify possible complications that may require further evaluation.
Description
The common cold is a self-limiting viral illness of the upper respiratory tract that may also be triggered by allergies. It is highly infectious, spreads through droplets and contact, and typically presents with mild symptoms but may occasionally cause systemic upset.
Most cases resolve within 7–10 days without specific antiviral treatment.
Causative Factors
| Category | Examples / Notes |
|---|---|
| Viral | Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| Allergic triggers | Dust, pollen, smoke, or environmental irritants |
| Predisposing factors | Overcrowding, poor ventilation, and exposure to infected individuals |
Signs and Symptoms
| Common Presentation | Description |
|---|---|
| Running nose/nasal congestion | Clear nasal discharge initially; may thicken as illness progresses |
| Cough | Usually dry or mildly productive |
| Throat irritation | Due to postnasal drip or inflammation |
| Fever | Mild, typically low-grade |
| Sneezing | Frequent early symptom, often subsides within a few days |
Treatment
| Category | Recommended Management |
|---|---|
| Supportive | Encourage adequate oral fluids to prevent dehydration and soothe throat irritation. |
| Pharmacological | Paracetamol: 10–25 mg/kg every 4–6 hours for fever or discomfort.Nasal decongestant: Saline nasal drops or spray to relieve congestion. |
| Antibiotics | NOT indicated in uncomplicated common cold. |
💡 Antibiotic misuse contributes to resistance and offers no benefit in viral infections.
Patient and Caregiver Education
| Advice | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Rest and hydration | Promote recovery and prevent fatigue. |
| Hygiene measures | Frequent handwashing, use of tissues, and avoiding close contact to prevent spread. |
| Avoid over-the-counter cold medications | These are not recommended in young children and may cause side effects. |
| Seek medical attention if symptoms worsen | Especially if fever persists >3 days, breathing difficulty, or lethargy develops. |
Complications
| Possible Complication | Clinical Concern |
|---|---|
| Lower respiratory tract infection | May present with persistent fever, tachypnoea, or chest indrawing |
| Bronchitis | Prolonged cough, productive sputum, and mild wheeze |
| Pneumonia | High fever, fast breathing, hypoxia, and respiratory distress |
Key Summary
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The common cold is self-limiting and viral.
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Supportive care and symptomatic relief are the mainstay of treatment.
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Antibiotics are not indicated unless bacterial complications are evident.
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Emphasize hydration, rest, and hygiene.
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Watch for complications like bronchitis or pneumonia, especially in young children.