Subtotal ZK0.00
Course Content
Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment
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Cells are the Living Units of the Body
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Extracellular Fluid- The “Internal Environment”
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Homeostasis- Maintenance of a Nearly Constant Internal Environment
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Control Systems of the Body
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Summary- Automaticity of the Body
The Cell and its Functions
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Organization of the Cell
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Physical Structure of the Cell
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Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life
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Functional Systems of the Cell Locomotion of Cells
Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function and Cell Production
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Genes in the Cell Nucleus is Protein Synthesis
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The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm- The Process of Transcription
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Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
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The DNA-Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction
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Cell Differentiation
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Apoptosis- Programmed Cell Death Cancer
Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
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The Cell Membrane Consists of a Lipid Bilayer with Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
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Diffusion
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“Active Transport” of Substances Through Membranes
Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
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Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
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Measuring the Membrane Potentials
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Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
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Neuron Action Potential
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Propagation of the Action Potential
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Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed-Importance of Energy Metabolism
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Plateau in Some Action Potentials
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Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues-Repetitive Discharge
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Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
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Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
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General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
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Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
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Energetics of Muscle Contraction
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Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
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Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction
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Muscle Action Potential
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Excitation-Contraction
Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
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Contraction of Smooth Muscle
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Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions
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Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
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Physiology of Cardiac Muscle
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Cardiac Cycle
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Regulation of Heart Pumping
Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
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Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
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Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
The Normal Electrocardiogram
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Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram
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Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle
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Electrocardiographic Leads
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Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms
Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
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Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
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Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
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Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and its Significance
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Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex
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Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex
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Current of Injury
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Abnormalities in the T Wave
Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
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Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
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Abnormal Rhythms That Result From Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
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Premature Contractions
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Paroxysmal Tachycardia
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Ventricular Fibrillation
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Atrial Fibrillation
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Atrial Flutter
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Cardiac Arrest
Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow and Resistance
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Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
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Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
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Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow and Resistance
Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous System
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Vascular Distensibility
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Arterial Pressure Pulsations
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Veins and Their Functions
The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Flow
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Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
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Flow of Blood in the Capillaries-Vasomotion
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Exchange of Water, Nutrients and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
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Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures and The Capillary Filtration Coefficient
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Lymphatic System
Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
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Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs
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Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control
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Humoral Control of the Circulation
Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
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Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
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Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
Roles of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Intergrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
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Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
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The Renin- Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control
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Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return and Their Regulation
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Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
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Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return- The Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
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Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs
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Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output
Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; The Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
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Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
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Coronary Circulation
Cardiac Failure
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Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure
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Unilateral Left Heart Failure
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Low-Output Cardiac Failure-Cardiogenic Shock
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Edema in Patients With Cardiac Failure
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Cardiac Reserve
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
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Heart Sounds
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Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
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Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
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Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery
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Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
Circulatory Shock and its Treatment
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Physiological Causes of Shock
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Shock Caused by Hypovolemia- Hemorrhagic Shock
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Neurogenic Shock – Increased Vascular Capacity
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Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock
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Septic Shock
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Physiology of Treatment in Shock
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Circulatory Arrest
The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular Fluids; Edema
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Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady- State Conditions
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Body Fluid Compartments
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Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
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Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments- The Indicator-Dilution Principle
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Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments
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Regulation of Fluid Exchange And Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
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Volume and Osmolarity of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
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Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes
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Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
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Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
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Fluids in the “Potential Spaces” of the Body
The urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urinary Formation by the Kidneys
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Multiple Functions of the Kidneys
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Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys
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Micturition
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Urine Formation Results From Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
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Glomerular Filtration- The First Step in Urine Formation
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Determinants of the GFR
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Renal Blood Flow
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Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
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Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow
Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
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Tubular Reabsorption is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective
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Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms
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Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
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Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
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Use of Clearance Methods of Quantify Kidney Function
Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regular of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
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Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine
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Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine
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Special Characteristics of the Loop of Henle That Cause Solutes to be Trapped in the Renal Medulla
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Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
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Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
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Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
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Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion
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Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
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Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
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Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid
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Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance
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Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System
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Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control
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Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
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Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
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Conditions That Cause Large Increases Extracellular Fluid Volume but With Normal Blood Volume
Acid-Base Regulation
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H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated
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Acids and Bases – Their Definitions and Meanings
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Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs and Kidneys
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Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
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Phosphate Buffer System
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Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
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Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance
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Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3- by the Renal Tubules
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Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates “New” HCO3-
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Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion
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Renal Correction of Acidosis- Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3- to the Extracellular Fluid
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Renal Correction of Alkalosis- Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3-
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Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders
Diuretics, Kidney Diseases
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Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
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Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
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Kidney Disease
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Acute Kidney Injury
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Chronic Kidney Disease is Often Associated With Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons
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Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis With an Artificial Kidney
Red Blood Cells, Anemia and Polycythemia
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
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Anemias
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Polycythemia
Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocytes-Macrophage System and Inflammation
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
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Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
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Eosinophils
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Basophils
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Leukopenia
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Leukemias
Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy
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Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
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Allergy and Hypersensitivity
Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation
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Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood
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O-A-B Blood Types
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Rh Blood Types
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Transplantation of Tissues and Organs
Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
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Hemostasis Events
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Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
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Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans
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Thromboembolic Conditions
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Anticoagulants for Clinical Use
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Blood Coagulation Tests
Pulmonary Ventilation
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Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
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Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
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Alveolar Ventilation
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Functions of the Respiratory Passageways
Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
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Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
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Pressures in the Pulmonary System
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Blood Volume of the Lungs
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Blood Flow Through the Lungs and its Distribution
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Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
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Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
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Fluid in the Pleural Cavity
Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
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Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures
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Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air are Different
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Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
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Transport of Oxygen From the Lungs to the Body Tissues
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Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
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Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Regulation of Respiration
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Respiratory Center
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Chemical Control of Respiration
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Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity- Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control
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Regulation of Respiration During Exercise
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Other Factors That Affect Respiration
Respiration Insufficiency- Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
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Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities
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Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities
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Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
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Hypercapnia- Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids
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Artificial Respiration
Aviation, High Altitude and Space Physiology
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Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body
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Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology
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“Artificial Climate” in the Sealed Spacecraft
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Weightlessness in Space
Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
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Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body
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Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Diving
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Special Physiological Problems in Submarines
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses and Neurotransmitters
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General Design of the Nervous System
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Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
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Central Nervous System Synapses
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Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
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Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect
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Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses
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Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts- Spatial and Temporal Summation
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Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
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Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits
Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses
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Classification of Somatic Senses
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Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations
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Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals Into the Central Nervous System
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Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System
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Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway
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Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function
Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache and Thermal Sensations
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Types of Pain and Their Qualities- Fast Pain and Slow Pain
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Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation
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Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System
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Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
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Referred Pain
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Visceral Pain
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Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations
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Headache
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Thermal Sensations
The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
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Physical Principles of Optics
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Optics of the Eye
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Fluid System of the Eye- Intraocular Fluid
The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina
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Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina
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Photochemistry of Vision
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Color Vision
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Neural Function of the Retina
The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision
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Visual Pathways
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Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex
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Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of the Visual Image
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Eye Movements and Their Control
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Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture
The Sense of Hearing
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Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System
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Cochlea
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Central Auditory Mechanisms
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Hearing Abnormalities
The Chemical Senses- Taste and Smell
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Sense of Taste
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Sense of Smell
Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes
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Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions
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Muscle Sensory Receptors- Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs- and Their Roles in Muscle Control
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Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes
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Crossed Extensor Reflex
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Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation
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Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion
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Scratch Reflex
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Spinal Cord Reflexes That Cause Muscle Spasm
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Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord
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Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock
Cortical and Brain Stem Control of the Motor Function
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Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
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Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem
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Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium
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Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious, Stereotyped Movements
Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control
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The Cerebellum and its Motor Functions
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The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions
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Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System
Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning and Memory
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Physiological Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
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Functions of Specific Cortical Areas
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Function of the Brain in Communication- Language Input and Language Output
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Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure to Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
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Thoughts, Consciousness and Memory
Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain- The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus
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Activating- Driving Systems of the Brain
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Limbic System
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The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System
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Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System
States of Brain Activity- Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses and Dementia
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Sleep
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Brain Waves
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Seizures and Epilepsy
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Psychotic Behavior- Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter System
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Alzheimer’s Disease- Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory
The Autonomic Nervous System and Adrenal Medulla
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General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
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Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function
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Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
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Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Metabolism
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Cerebral Blood Flow
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Cerebrospinal Fluid System
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Brain Metabolism
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function-Motility, Nervous Control and Blood Circulation
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General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility
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Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function- Enteric Nervous System
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Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
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Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Gastrointestinal Blood Flow- Splanchnic Circulation
Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
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Ingestion of Food
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Motor Functions of the Stomach
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Movements of the Small Intestine
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Movements of the Colon
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Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity
Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract
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General Principle of Alimentary Tract Secretion
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Secretion of Saliva
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Esophageal Secretion
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Gastric Secretion
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Pancreatic Secretion
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Bile Secretion by the Liver
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Secretions of the Small Intestine
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Secretion of Mucus by the Large Intestine
Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis
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Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption
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Absorption in the Small Intestine
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Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces
Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
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Disorders of Swallowing and the Esophagus
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Disorders of the Stomach
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Disorders of the Small Intestine
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General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
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Release of Energy From Foods and ”Free Energy”
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Adenosine Triphosphate is the ”Energy Currency” of the Body
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Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Transport of Glucose Through the Cell Membrane
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Glycogen is Stored in the Liver and Muscle
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Release of Energy From Glucose by the Glycolytic Pathway
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Formation of Large Quantities of ATP by Oxidation of Hydrogen- the Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose
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Anaerobic Release of Energy- Anaerobic Glycolysis
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Release of Energy From Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
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Formation of Carbohydrates From Proteins and Fats- Gluconeogenesis
Lipid Metabolism
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Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat)
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Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids
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Fat Deposits
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Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
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Regulation of Energy Release From Triglycerides
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Phospholipids and Cholesterol
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Atherosclerosis
Protein Metabolism
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Basic Properties of Proteins
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Transport and Storage of Amino Acids
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Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins
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Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism
The Liver as an Organ
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Physiological Anatomy of the Liver
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Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems
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Metabolic Functions of the Liver
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Protein Metabolism
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Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool
Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals
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Energy Intake and Output Are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions
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Dietary Balances
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Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage
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Obesity
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Inanition, Anorexia and Cachexia
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Starvation
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Vitamins
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Mineral Metabolism
Energetics and Metabolic Rate
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Adenosine Triphosphate Functions as an “Energy Currency” in Metabolism
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Control of Energy Release in the Cell
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Metabolic Rate
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Energy Metabolism- Factors That Influence Energy Output
Body Temperature Regulation and Fever
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Normal Body Temperatures
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Body Temperature is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss
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Regulation of Body Temperature- Role of the Hypothalamus
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Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation
Introduction to Endocrinology
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Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers
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Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
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Hormone Secretion, Transport and Clearance From the Blood
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Mechanisms of Action of Hormones
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Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood
Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
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Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion
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Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
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Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
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Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
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Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones
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Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
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Diseases of the Thyroid
Adrenocortical Hormones
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Corticalsteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens
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Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones
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Functions of the Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone
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Functions of Glucocorticoids
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Adrenal Androgens
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Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion
Insulin, Glucagon and Diabetes Mellitus
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Physiological Anatomy of the Pancreas
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Insulin and its Metabolic Effects
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Glucagon and its Functions
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Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion
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Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation
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Diabetes Mellitus
Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone and Teeth
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Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma
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Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate
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Vitamin D
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Parathyroid Hormone
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Calcitonin
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Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration
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Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D and Bone Disease
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Physiology of the Teeth
Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland)
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Physiological Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs
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Spermatogenesis
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Male Sexual Act
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Testosterone and Other Male Sexual Function
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Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function
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Erectile Dysfunction in the Male
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The Function of the Pineal Gland in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals
Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
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Physiological Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs
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Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries
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Female Hormonal System
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Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones
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Functions of the Ovarian Hormones- Estradiol and Progesterone
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Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm- Interplay Between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones
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Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries
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Female Sexual Act
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Female Fertility
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Hormonal Suppression of Fertility- “The Pill'”
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Abnormal Conditions That Cause Female Sterility
Pregnancy and Lactation
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Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
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Early Nutrition of the Embryo
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Anatomy and Function of the Placenta
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Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy
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Response of the Mothers Body to Pregnancy
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Parturition
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Lactation
Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
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Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus
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Development of the Organ Systems
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Fetal Metabolism
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Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life
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Special Functional Problems in the Neonate
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Special Problems of Prematurity
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Growth and Development of the Child
Sports Physiology
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Female and Male Athletes
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Muscles in Exercise
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Respiration in Exercise
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Cardiovascular System in Exercise
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Body Heat in Exercise
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Body Fluids and Salts in Exercise
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Drugs and Athletes
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Body Fitness Prolongs Life
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